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It is, therefore, not surprising that bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense and respond to pH. One aspect of this response for motile bacteria is to migrate to areas of optimal pH. The paper by P. Tohidifar, M. J. Plutz, G. W. Ordal, and C. Michael D. Manson Minireview Minireview The Jekyll and Hyde Symbiont: Could Wolbachia Be a Nutritional Mutualist? The most common intracellular symbiont on the planet— Wolbachia pipientis —is infamous largely for the reproductive manipulations induced in its host. However, more recent evidence suggests that this bacterium may also serve as a nutritional mutualist in certain host backgrounds and for certain metabolites. We performed a large-scale analysis of conserved gene content... Irene L. G. Newton , Danny W. Rice Research Articles Research Article Pseudomonas syringae AlgU Downregulates Flagellin Gene Expression, Helping Evade Plant Immunity Foliar plant pathogens, like Pseudomonas syringae , adjust their physiology and behavior to facilitate host colonization and disease, but the full extent of these adaptations is not known. Plant immune systems are triggered by bacterial molecules, such as the proteins that make up flagellar filaments. In this study, we found that during plant infection, AlgU, a gene... Zhongmeng Bao , Hai-Lei Wei , Xing Ma , Bryan Swingle Research Article Sugar-Phosphate Metabolism Regulates Stationary-Phase Entry and Stalk Elongation in Caulobacter crescentus Metabolic control of bacterial cell shape is an important mechanism for adapting to environmental perturbations. Caulobacter crescentus dramatically elongates its polar stalk appendage in response to phosphate starvation. To investigate the mechanism of this morphological adaptation, we isolated stalk-deficient mutants, one of which had mutations in the phosphomannose... Kevin D. de Young , Gabriele Stankeviciute , Eric A. Klein Open Access Research Article Synechocystis KaiC3 Displays Temperature- and KaiB-Dependent ATPase Activity and Is Important for Growth in Darkness The circadian clock influences the cyanobacterial metabolism, and deeper understanding of its regulation will be important for metabolic optimizations in the context of industrial applications. Due to the heterogeneity of cyanobacteria, characterization of clock systems in organisms apart from the circadian model Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is required. ... Anika Wiegard , Christin Köbler , Katsuaki Oyama , Anja K. Dörrich , Chihiro Azai , Kazuki Terauchi , Annegret Wilde , Ilka M. Axmann Free Research Article The Mechanism of Bidirectional pH Taxis in Bacillus subtilis Many bacteria can sense the pH in their environment and then use this information to direct their movement toward more favorable locations. In this study, we investigated the pH sensing mechanism in Bacillus subtilis . This bacterium preferentially migrates to neutral environments. It employs four chemoreceptors to sense pH. Two are involved in sensing acidic... Payman Tohidifar , Matthew J. Plutz , George W. Ordal , Christopher V. Rao Open Access Research Article | Spotlight Actinomyces Produces Defensin-Like Bacteriocins (Actifensins) with a Highly Degenerate Structure and Broad Antimicrobial Activity Bacteriocins (ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides) are potential alternatives to current antimicrobials given the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. We identified a novel bacteriocin from Actinomyces ruminicola with no previously characterized antimicrobial activity. Using publicly available genomic data, we found a highly conserved yet divergent... Ivan Sugrue , Paula M. O’Connor , Colin Hill , Catherine Stanton , R. Paul Ross Research Article In Situ Structure of the Vibrio Polar Flagellum Reveals a Distinct Outer Membrane Complex and Its Specific Interaction with the Stator The torque of flagellar rotation is generated by interactions between a rotor and a stator; however, detailed structural information is lacking. Here, we utilized cryo-electron tomography and advanced imaging analysis to obtain a high-resolution in situ flagellar basal body structure in Vibrio alginolyticus , which is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. Our high... Shiwei Zhu , Tatsuro Nishikino , Norihiro Takekawa , Hiroyuki Terashima , Seiji Kojima , Katsumi Imada , Michio Homma , Jun Liu Open Access Research Article Structural Conservation and Diversity of PilZ-Related Domains c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger that regulates motility, biofilm formation, and virulence of many bacterial pathogens. The PilZ domain is a widespread c-di-GMP receptor that binds c-di-GMP through its RXXXR and [D/N] h SXXG motifs; some PilZ domains lack these motifs and are unable to bind c-di-GMP. We used structural and sequence analysis to assess the diversity of PilZ-related domains and define their common... Michael Y. Galperin , Shan-Ho Chou Research Article Evidence of Robustness in a Two-Component System Using a Synthetic Circuit Robustness in essential biological circuits is an important feature of the living organism. A few pieces of evidence support the existence of robustness in vivo in the two-component system (TCS) with a bifunctional sensor kinase (SK). The assays were done under physiological conditions in which the SK was much lower than the response regulator (RR). Here, using a synthetic...